Properties Of Glasses Research Articles

In situ observation of fatigue crack propagation in soda‐lime glass with initial crack and residual stress induced by Vickers indentation under four‐point bending

AbstractThe present study examined the four‐point bending fatigue properties of glass with an initial crack and residual stress induced by Vickers indentation. The fatigue properties of glass with an initial crack are influenced by the residual stress induced by Vickers indentation. Regardless of the presence of residual stress, the failure time under static fatigue is shorter than that under cyclic fatigue. In the region of a small crack, the fatigue crack aspect ratio for glass is smaller than that for metallic materials. The crack growth rate in glass with an initial crack initially decreases and then increases with an increase in the maximum stress intensity factor, Kmax. To investigate the effect of residual stress on the fatigue crack propagation behavior of soda‐lime glass, the in situ observation of fatigue crack propagation was conducted. Crack closure occurs in glass in which tensile residual stress induced by Vickers indentation was released by annealing.

The effect of span length on the flexural properties of glass and basalt fiber reinforced sandwich structures with balsa wood core for sustainable shipbuilding

The current research aims to analyze the mechanical characterization of sandwich materials through a three-point flexural test. The sandwich structures in question composed of balsa wood as a core and four different types of fiber reinforced vinyl ester composite facesheets, namely Glass, Basalt, Glass/Carbon, and Basalt/Carbon. The sandwich panels were prepared using the vacuum infused processing method. The primary objective of this investigation is to explore the feasibility of utilizing basalt fibers for the production of structural parts in shipbuilding and replacing the already existed glass fibers. The flexural test was carried out with using three-point flexural test with varying the span length from 120 mm, 180 mm, 220 mm. Additionally, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was then carried out to compare the mean values of properties deduced from these tests. The results showed that using basalt fibers instead of glass fiber reinforced enhanced the flexural stiffness of the sandwich structure. The flexural strength and modulus are shown to depend on span length and fiber type. The flexural modulus increases with an increase in span length. Similarly, flexural strength increases in glass fiber-based structures, while a slight reduction is observed in basalt fiber-reinforced structures the larger span length. The findings of this research suggest that basalt fibers hold potential as a replacement for glass fibers in producing structural components in shipbuilding. These results offer valuable information that can aid in the design and optimization of sandwich materials in shipbuilding.

Waste Glass Upcycling Supported by Alkali Activation: An Overview.

Alkali-activated materials are gaining much interest due to their outstanding performance, including their great resistance to chemical corrosion, good thermal characteristics, and ability to valorise industrial waste materials. Reusing waste glasses in creating alkali-activated materials appears to be a viable option for more effective solid waste utilisation and lower-cost products. However, very little research has been conducted on the suitability of waste glass as a prime precursor for alkali activation. This study examines the reuse of seven different types of waste glasses in the creation of geopolymeric and cementitious concretes as sustainable building materials, focusing in particular on how using waste glasses as the raw material in alkali-activated materials affects the durability, microstructures, hydration products, and fresh and hardened properties in comparison with using traditional raw materials. The impacts of several vital parameters, including the employment of a chemical activator, gel formation, post-fabrication curing procedures, and the distribution of source materials, are carefully considered. This review will offer insight into an in-depth understanding of the manufacturing and performance in promising applications of alkali-activated waste glass in light of future uses. The current study aims to provide a contemporary review of the chemical and structural properties of glasses and the state of research on the utilisation of waste glasses in the creation of alkali-activated materials.

The Role of Ytterbium (Yb2O3) in the Radiation Shielding Properties of Barium Titanium Borate Glasses (B2O3-TiO2-BaO) in Terms of γ and β Radiations

The Role of Ytterbium (Yb2O3) in the Radiation Shielding Properties of Barium Titanium Borate Glasses (B2O3-TiO2-BaO) in Terms of γ and β Radiations

Thermal cycling-induced evolution of structure and local mechanical properties in metallic glass

The influence of thermal treatment on the long-term mechanical properties of two different kinds of metallic glasses was investigated in this study. As model systems, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) with the composition of Pd43Cu27Ni10P20 cycled 60, 200, and 500 times between 77K and room temperature and Zr44Ti11Cu10Ni10Be25 cycled 300, 500, and 700 times have been employed. To ensure that meaningful steady-state properties have been reached, experiments have been performed three years after sample preparation. It was found that the thermal cycling of the Pd-based BMGs had induced rejuvenation when compared to the non-cycled sample, including a higher relaxation enthalpy, lower modulus, hardness, activation volume, and shear transformation zone volume. However, for Zr-BMGs, a rejuvenation to relaxation behavior is observed. Also, while Zr-BMGs showed significantly changes in yielding behavior upon thermal cycling, fluctuations in Pd-BMGs were negligible. We speculate that the observed substantial differences between these two samples might originate because Pd-BMG has a denser structure and higher fragility, making it more difficult to induce excess free volumes.

Improved Radiation Shielding Efficiency and Optical Properties of Borate Glass by Incorporating Dysprosium(III) Oxide

The present investigation used the melt-quench method to produce four distinct glass systems using boron-Dy2O3 glass. The glass system consisting of B2O3, BaO, ZnO, and Li2O was augmented with Dysprosium(III) Oxide. A series of borate glasses with the chemical formula (62-x)B2O3-18BaO-10ZnO-10Li2O-xDy2O3 where x=0, 1, 2, 3mol%. The experimental investigation of Dy2O3 as additives was conducted, with a specific emphasis on their optical characteristics. Also, the addition of Dy2O3 causes the intensity of absorption to increase. Moreover, because of changes in the glass network and modifier, the absorption edge moved to a higher wavelength as the concentration of Dy3+ ions increased, from 345.46nm for Dy–0 to 367.48nm for Dy–3. This study examined glasses with different compositions to evaluate their effectiveness in shielding γ-rays. The Phy-X/PDS and FULKA Code were utilised for this investigation. A comparison analysis was performed on the obtained results. The effective atomic number and other parameters, such as linear attenuation coefficient and half value layer, were calculated within the energy range of 0.015 to 15MeV. The study revealed that the Dy-0 has the lowest linear attenuation coefficient compared to the other samples analysed. The glasses Dy-0 and Dy-3 showed half-values of 0.044 and 0.039cm, respectively, when exposed to 0.05MeV. The increase in effective atomic number was attributed to a higher quantity of electrons that are accessible for photon interaction. This, in turn, resulted in a reduced probability of γ-ray passage through the shielding material. According to the findings of the gamma radiation shielding experiment, the sample that had the largest amount of Dy2O3 exhibited the most effective shielding qualities, making it an excellent candidate for use in radiation shielding applications.

Calculating the Density Energy of Se100-XGeX and Se62Ge35X3 Semiconductor Materials

In this paper, chalcogenide glasses are studied using a range of experimental techniques for the purpose of understanding their electrical properties with the aim of providing new strategies for producing a new class of electronic devices made of advanced amorphous materials. The electrical properties of chalcogenide glass are very low cost to produce competitive devices; hence, a deeper understanding of their electrical transport properties may provide the necessary insight to enhance merit. For this purpose, the electrical properties studied by some researchers were relied upon, mathematical equations were performed and the program is designed to compute the energy state density in both extended and localized systems region of Se100-xGex with (x = 5, 25, 28, 30 and 38) and Se62Ge35X3 glasses (where X is Sb, Sn, or Bi) in different concentrations. Characterizing the electrical properties of Se100-xGex and Se62Ge35X3 glasses use to determine the density of energy states. The results of electrical measurements confirmed the presence of two mechanisms of electrical conduction: conduction in extended states at high temperatures and conduction in localized states at medium temperatures. Effective substitution results in a change in the local and extended state coefficients. This effect was measured as a function of concentration.

Green synthesis and characterization of Ag nanoparticles using fresh and dry Portulaca Oleracea leaf extracts: Enhancing light reflectivity properties of ITO glass

AbstractSilver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) are perceiving remarkable progress during the past few periods due to its exclusive properties in many applications. Recently, green synthesis method of NPs is racing against traditional chemical and physical methods by avoiding the use of many toxic chemicals, and expensive devices. Accordingly, in this study, dry and fresh Portulaca‐oleracea L. leaf extract has been employed for producing AgNPs as a reducing, capping and stabilizing agents. This process is simple, eco‐friendly and green. UV–vis spectra showed the formation of AgNPs represented by the change of a colorless liquid to brownish solution. The crystallinity of the AgNPs, was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The contribution of the available functional groups of the leaf extract in the reduction and capping process of NPs was demonstrated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This study showed that fresh Portulaca‐oleracea L. leaf extract provides better NPs in terms of stability, purity, degree of crystallinity and spherical shape. The biosynthesized AgNPs from both procedures were coated on the indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates to enhance the reflectivity property. It has been shown that the utilized AgNPs, from fresh Portulaca‐oleracea L. extract, has smaller size and negligeable agglomeration, consequently lower light transmittance.

Charge transport mechanism and mechanical properties of rubidium cerium metaphosphate glasses

Cerium-doped glasses usually contain a mixture of Ce3+ and Ce4+ species, with the trivalent state being dominant. Quantitative determination of the redox ratio is complicated by the narrow energy gap between both states, leading to spectral overlap in optical absorption studies, and strong beam sensitivity in other techniques. However, it also indicates a way to induce electric conduction through electron hopping, with the additional benefit of visual transparency. Here, cerium phosphate glasses are reported in which the local optical basicity is varied through substitution of cerium by highly polarizable rubidium ions. This is done in order to control the Ce3+/ Ce4+ ratio. Electrical impedance spectroscopy is considered as an alternative means to assess the redox ratio by exploring the extent of polaron conduction. Complementary Raman and 31P MAS NMR spectroscopic studies provide structural insight on the process of mixed electronic and ionic charge transport. Meanwhile, a monotonic decrease in the elastic modulus and an abnormal change in Poisson's ratio when varying the composition corroborate structural interpretations.

Preparation of Zr-based metallic glasses gradient composites with designable amorphous fraction by laser powder bed fusion

Introducing ductile crystals in situ into the matrix is an efficient approach for enhancing the mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). However, controlling the volume of the crystalline phase is challenging, and the introduction of crystals may be detrimental to its strength and ductility trade-off. In addition, BMGs prepared by conventional casting process suffers from the disadvantages of size limitation, inhomogeneous crystallization, and uncontrollable crystallization fraction. In this study, Zr48Cu47.5Al4Co0.5 amorphous powder with better forming ability was utilized as raw material and printed by selective laser melting (SLM) technique with high cooling rate. Through parameter adjustments and proactive design of amorphous fractions, gradient metallic glasses (GMGs) based on Zr has been successfully prepared. Micro-morphology, DSC tests, micro-area XRD, optical calculations and nanoindentation experiments all indicate the presence of gradient structures. The microstructure reveals that the crystalline phases in the heat affected zone (HAZ) are mainly B2 phase. In addition, the results of room temperature compression show that the yield strength (1.2 GPa) and plastic deformation (0.8 %) of the gradient structure are better than those of the samples prepared with a single parameter. The theme of amorphous fraction gradient structure design, realized by SLM technology, opens a new window for the large-scale development of high-performance BMGs.

Radiation and nuclear shielding performance of tellurite glass system containing Li2O and MoO3: XCOM and FLUKA Monte Carlo

This study investigates the radiation attenuation properties of tellurite-based glasses with the chemical formula 75TeO2-(24-x)Li2O-(x)MoO3–1V2O5 (TLMV), where x = 0, 12, 24 mol%. The research focuses on important radiation protection values, such as the linear attenuation coefficient (μ), mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), effective atomic number (Zeff), effective electron density (Neff), mass energy-absorption coefficient (MEAC), specific gamma-ray constants (Γ), gamma dose rate (Dr), mean free path (λ), half value layer (d1/2), and removal of fast neutrons (∑R). The gathered results indicate that changing Li2O and MoO3 mol% concentrations significantly impact shielding effectiveness. Additionally, this study compares the radiation shielding of TLMV glasses with commercial glasses, providing a comprehensive analysis for applications in healthcare, industrial, and related fields and exploring the potential usage of TLMV glasses in various shielding scenarios.

Inside the Borate Anomaly: Leveraging a Predictive Modelling Approach to Navigate Complex Composition-Structure-Property Relationships in Oxyhalide Borate Glasses.

This study employs a systematic and predictive modelling approach to investigate the structure and properties of multi-component borate glasses. In particular, this work is focused on understanding the individual and interaction effects of multiple constituents on several material properties. By leveraging advanced modeling techniques, this work examines how the inclusion and variation of B2O3, CaF2, TiO2, ZnO, and Na2CO3 influence the glass network, with particular attention to modifier fractions ≥ 30 mol%. This research addresses the gap in knowledge regarding the complex behavior of borate glasses in this high modifier fraction range, known as the borate anomaly, where prediction of glass structure and properties becomes particularly challenging. The use of a design of mixtures (DoM) approach facilitated the generation of polynomial equations indicating the influence of mixture components on various responses, enabling the prediction and optimization of glass properties over broad compositional ranges despite being within the anomalous region. This methodical approach not only advances our understanding of borate glass systems but also underscores the importance of predictive modelling in the accelerated design and development of novel glass materials for diverse applications.

Enhancement of Structural, Optical, Magnetic, and γ-Ray Shielding Properties of Silicate Glass Containing Cerium Oxide for Opto-magnetic Uses

Enhancement of Structural, Optical, Magnetic, and γ-Ray Shielding Properties of Silicate Glass Containing Cerium Oxide for Opto-magnetic Uses

Fragility crossover mediated by covalent-like electronic interactions in metallic liquids

Abstract Fragility is one of the central concepts in glass and liquid sciences, as it characterizes the extent of deviation of viscosity from Arrhenius behavior and is linked to a range of glass properties. However, the intervention of crystallization often prevents the assessment of fragility in poor glass-formers, such as supercooled metallic liquids. Hence experimental data on their compositional dependence are scarce, let alone fundamentally understood. In this work, we use fast scanning calorimetry to overcome this obstacle and systematically study the fragility in a ternary La-Ni-Al system, over previously inaccessible composition space. We observe fragility dropped in a small range with the Al alloying, indicating an alloying-induced fragility crossover. We use x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, resistance measurements, electronic structure calculations, and DFT-based deep-learning atomic simulations to investigate the cause of this fragility drop. These results show that the fragility crossover can be fundamentally ascribed to the electronic covalency associated with the unique Al-Al interactions. Our findings provide insight into the origin of fragility in metallic liquids from an electronic structure perspective and pave a new way for the design of metallic glasses.

Mixed-alkaline earth effects on the network structure and properties of alkali-free aluminosilicate glasses

Alkali-free aluminosilicate glasses with different SrO/(MgO+SrO) molar ratios were prepared by the melt-quenching method, and their structural evolution was characterized by Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS NMR). The glass properties, including high-temperature viscosity, thermal expansion coefficient, density, Vicker hardness, elastic modulus, and chemical stability, were tested and analyzed. With the increasing of SrO/(MgO+SrO) molar ratios from 0 to1, the fraction of Q4 units in [SiO4] tetrahedral increased from 30.88 % to 39.06 %, and the Al3+ ions are dominated in [AlO4] groups, but small amount in [AlO5] units. In terms of comprehensive properties, the glass density and strain point temperature increased approximately linearly with the SrO/(MgO+SrO) ratios, while, the elastic modulus decreased with the SrO/(MgO+SrO) ratios. However, the high-temperature viscosity, Vickers hardness, chemical stability, and characteristic temperatures (melting temperature, working point temperature, Littleton softening temperature) deviated from linearity and exhibited the opposite mixed alkaline earth effect compared to previously reported aluminosilicate glasses. when the SrO/(MgO+SrO) molar ratio is approximately 0.25, the glass demonstrates optimal comprehensive performance.

Influence of Pr3+ ions on structural, photoluminescence, dielectric, and mechanical properties of barium lithium fluoroborate glasses

The influence of Praseodymium Oxide (Pr6O11) on the physical, optical parameters, photoluminescence, dielectric, and mechanical properties for 20BaF2 + 10Li2O+(70-x) B2O3 + xPr6O11 (where x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mol %)] glasses was investigated. FTIR spectra of the borate glass network doped with Pr6O11 demonstrate the vibrational modes. The current study found that adding Pr3+ ions to the glass increased the glass density, packing density (VP), oxygen packing density (OPD), and rare earth ion concentration (N). The optical parameters include refractive index molar refraction and molar polarizability, optical transmission, and reflection loss. All the optical parameters increased except optical transmission decreased with the rising of Pr3+ ions in the glass. The photoluminescence emission intensity increased with the concentration of Pr3+ ions. The dielectric constant decreased while AC conductivity increased with the applied frequency, particularly in the high-frequency region. The elastic moduli, including longitudinal, shear, bulk, Young, and microhardness increased with increasing the content of Pr3+ ions in the glass.

A comparative analysis of shielding effectiveness in glass and concrete containers

Abstract Nuclear waste control and related equipment play a vital role in safeguarding human health and the environment from the potential dangers of radioactive waste. This study addresses the critical challenge of enhancing the shielding effectiveness of container materials for nuclear waste management, with a focus on comparing the attenuation properties of glass and concrete composites. Our analysis revealed that the copper oxide-reinforced borosilicate glass container demonstrated a significant transmission factor (TF) value decrease by approximately 15% compared to steel–magnetite concrete at 1.3325 MeV, with a standard deviation of ±1.5%, indicating its lower protective characteristics. Nonetheless, it exhibited a 10% higher TF reduction compared to the cement–bitumen mix at the same energy level, with a precision error of ±1.2%. In addition, the half-value layer for this glass was determined to be 2.5 cm for 1.3325 MeV gamma rays, showing moderate shielding capacity. The study demonstrates that optimizing the oxide content in the borosilicate glass matrix significantly enhances its shielding effectiveness. This advancement in nuclear waste management materials is justified by our comprehensive evaluation, highlighting the potential of optimized glass materials to outperform traditional concrete in certain scenarios, thus contributing to the development of more effective nuclear waste containment solutions.

Unvelling the elastic properties of samarium oxide zinc tellurite-based glasses: Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters through structural, experimental, and theoretical studies

Unvelling the elastic properties of samarium oxide zinc tellurite-based glasses: Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters through structural, experimental, and theoretical studies

Facile one-step nanoporous alumina for modifying the surface optical properties of ITO glass

Structure color is a useful technique with good brightness, variuos color, and friendly environmental properties, compared with the dyes and pigments colors. However, the structure colors are based on the micro- or nano structures, which is still a challenge for fabricating the desired colors. Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is a common nanomaterial for fabricating the structure colors because of the properties of hardness, stability, and the self-assembly. However, current techniques mostly manufactured the structure color on the aluminum foils or the alloy, which limited these techniques from the glass-based applications. Additionally, current technologies usually require a time-consuming fabrication process lasting several tens of hours. In this study, a facile method is proposed for producing structure colors on transparent ITO glass through AAO coating with a short fabrication time. The vibrant structure colors result from constructive interference of visible light due to the nanoporous AAO film on the ITO glass substrate. Furthermore, a correlation between the anodization time of AAO and color is established, enabling the prediction of anodization time to achieve the desired color without resorting to a trial-and-error approach. A spectrum of colors within the visible light range, spanning wavelengths from 420 to 740 nm, is successfully demonstrated on the ITO glass using this uncomplicated one-step anodization process.

Glass formulation and lab-scale testing of glasses designed for in-can Melter and in-container Vitrification of high-assay low-enriched uranium aqueous polishing Raffinate waste

Glasses were designed for processing a nuclear waste from aqueous polishing of high-assay low-enriched uranium using either In-Can Melter or GeoMelt® In-Container Vitrification™ (ICV) technologies, which operate at temperatures of Tp ≤ 1100 °C and Tp ≤ 1450 °C, respectively. Due to the different operating conditions, the melt and glass properties were optimized differently for each technology. Each glass was designed to optimize for maximum waste loading while simultaneously satisfying processing (e.g., crystallization, viscosity, conductivity) and product quality (e.g., durability, hazard characteristic, crystal content) constraints. The raffinate waste contains high nitric acid (4 M) and low total solids (9 g∙L−1) concentrations. Feed preparation processes were tested to facilitate concentration and nitrate destruction/removal while controlling redox of the melter feed. A successful lab-scale feed process including sugar addition and spray-drying was performed to generate an adequate melter feed for ICV processing.